Frontline Workers’ Perceptions of Human Trafficking: Warning Signs and Risks in the Midwest

Author: Schwarz, Corinne; Xing, Chong; Daugherty, Ryan; Watt, Sierra & Britton, Hannah

Abstract: Research on human trafficking in the U.S. has centered overwhelmingly on coastal regions, border states, and urban hubs. In an attempt to understand perceptions of exploitation and human trafficking more broadly, this paper focuses on frontline workers in the Midwest. Service providers in the legal/law enforcement, medical, non-profit, social service, and foster care sectors often encounter exploited or trafficked persons in their work. Their perceptions offer a unique insight into how trafficking may manifest and how frontline workers interface with vulnerable, exploited, or trafficked persons seeking resources or assistance. Using survey data from 667 participants across two Midwestern states, we find important similarities in perceived trafficking warning signs and risk factors, as well as differences in how these providers can address their clients’ immediate needs. We present these findings through both descriptive statistical summaries of questions regarding micro-level and macro-level trafficking factors and qualitative data from a set of open-ended survey questions. Results indicate the need for better site-specific policy to address the nuances of anti-trafficking work across the Midwest.

Keywords: human trafficking, Midwest, warning signs, risk factors, street-level bureaucracy