Iron Shackles to Invisible Chains: Breaking the Binds of Collateral Consequences

Author: Tyner, Artika & Fry, Darlene

Abstract: Mass incarceration has a far-reaching impact when an estimated 70 million, 1 in 3, adults have a criminal record. The impact of mass incarceration is exacerbated due to collateral consequences. Collateral consequences can be defined as hidden sanctions which emerge automatically at the onset of a criminal conviction. They are referred to as "hidden" because they are not formally quantifiable in a sentence or imposed penalty. Due to the disproportionate rate in which African-Americans are incarcerated, collateral consequences have a profound impact by limiting access to jobs, professional licensure, and restricting access to the ladder of economic mobility.

Keywords: collateral consequences, criminal justice, slavery, mass incarceration, employment, equity